第一作者 Daniel Kripke 说:“我们不知道长时间的睡眠是否会导致死亡。需要更多的研究来确定提前设置闹钟是否真的会改善您的健康。现在平均每晚睡眠 6.5 小时的人可以放心,这是一个安全的睡眠量。从健康的角度来看,没有理由睡得更久。”每晚睡眠时间超过 8 小时与死亡风险上升的关联在一定程度上反映了一些导致睡眠时间拖长的疾病,尤其是呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病。2017 年发表的一篇荟萃分析显示,睡眠时间与全因死亡率和心血管风险的关系呈现 U 形曲线,最低点出现在每天 7 小时附近[13]。这个“每天”是每晚睡眠与白天小睡的总和。2019 年发表的一项研究分析了 21 个国家 116632 名参与者的睡眠数据(中位随访时间 7.8 年),发现每天睡眠时间短于 6 小时或长于 8 小时与死亡率上升相关,每晚睡眠时间长于 6 小时的人白天小睡与主要心血管事件和死亡风险增加有关(这可能反映一些疾病诱发了较长时间的白天小睡)[14]。2024 年,我国研究人员发表的一项研究发现睡眠行为与寿命在遗传上相关,一些睡眠时间短的人有和心脏病、2 型糖尿病、抑郁症等相关的遗传因素,这些人的睡眠时间短是这类疾病的结果。失眠本身对寿命似无因果影响,可能是因为当事人在白天补觉[15]。参考^Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP, Ricken J, Havel M, Guth A, Merrow M. A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol. 2004 Dec 29;14(24):R1038-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039. PMID: 15620633.^10.3109/07420528.2014.955186^Folkard S. Do permanent night workers show circadian adjustment? A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm. Chronobiol Int. 2008 Apr;25(2):215-24. doi: 10.1080/07420520802106835. PMID: 18533325.^Shi G, Yin C, Fan Z, Xing L, Mostovoy Y, Kwok PY, Ashbrook LH, Krystal AD, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Mutations in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Contribute to Natural Short Sleep Trait. Curr Biol. 2021 Jan 11;31(1):13-24.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.071. Epub 2020 Oct 15. PMID: 33065013.^Xing L, Shi G, Mostovoy Y, Gentry NW, Fan Z, McMahon TB, Kwok PY, Jones CR, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Mutant neuropeptide S receptor reduces sleep duration with preserved memory consolidation. Sci Transl Med. 2019 Oct 16;11(514):eaax2014. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2014. PMID: 31619542; PMCID: PMC7587149.^https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sleh.2014.12.010^个体差异范围来源,下同 https://www.sleepfoundation.org/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times^Burgess HJ, Eastman CI. Human tau in an ultradian light-dark cycle. J Biol Rhythms. 2008 Aug;23(4):374-6. doi: 10.1177/0748730408318592. PMID: 18663244; PMCID: PMC3622149.^例如种族差异 Smith MR, Burgess HJ, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period. PLoS One. 2009 Jun 30;4(6):e6014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006014. PMID: 19564915; PMCID: PMC2699031.^Am J Phys Anthropol 2017; 162: 573–582; DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23160^Samson DR, Crittenden AN, Mabulla IA, Mabulla AZP, Nunn CL. Chronotype variation drives night-time sentinel-like behaviour in hunter-gatherers. Proc Biol Sci. 2017 Jul 12;284(1858):20170967. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0967. PMID: 28701566; PMCID: PMC5524507.^Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard DL, Klauber MR, Marler MR. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;59(2):131-6. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131. PMID: 11825133.^Yin J, Jin X, Shan Z, Li S, Huang H, Li P, Peng X, Peng Z, Yu K, Bao W, Yang W, Chen X, Liu L. Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Sep 9;6(9):e005947. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.005947. PMID: 28889101; PMCID: PMC5634263.^Wang C, Bangdiwala SI, Rangarajan S, Lear SA, AlHabib KF, Mohan V, Teo K, Poirier P, Tse LA, Liu Z, Rosengren A, Kumar R, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Yusoff K, Monsef N, Krishnapillai V, Ismail N, Seron P, Dans AL, Kruger L, Yeates K, Leach L, Yusuf R, Orlandini A, Wolyniec M, Bahonar A, Mohan I, Khatib R, Temizhan A, Li W, Yusuf S. Association of estimated sleep duration and naps with mortality and cardiovascular events: a study of 116 632 people from 21 countries. Eur Heart J. 2019 May 21;40(20):1620-1629. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy695. PMID: 30517670; PMCID: PMC6528160.^Wu Y, Zhang CY, Liu X, Wang L, Li M, Li Y, Xiao X. Shared genetic architecture and causal relationship between sleep behaviors and lifespan. Transl Psychiatry. 2024 Feb 22;14(1):108. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02826-x. PMID: 38388528; PMCID: PMC10883970.